Tumor microenvironment (TME) is a specialized ecosystem of host components, designed
by tumor cells for successful development and metastasis of tumor. With the advent of 3D …

Since the initial clinical approval in the late 1990s and remarkable anticancer effects for
certain types of cancer, molecular targeted therapy utilizing small molecule agents or …

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently implicated in modifying immunology in
colorectal cancer (CRC). Nevertheless, the clinical significance of immune-related lncRNAs …

Protein kinases regulate nearly all aspects of cell life, and alterations in their expression, or
mutations in their genes, cause cancer and other diseases. Here, we review the remarkable …

Angiogenesis is an essential process in normal development and in adult physiology, but
can be disrupted in numerous diseases. The concept of targeting angiogenesis for treating …

Chronic (continuous, non-interrupted) hypoxia and cycling (intermittent, transient) hypoxia
are two types of hypoxia occurring in malignant tumors. They are both associated with the …

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is the leading cause of death by cancer worldwide.
Despite developments in therapeutic approaches for the past few decades, the 5-year …

Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most common gynecologic tumors worldwide and one
with the highest mortality. Cisplatin (DDP) is the first platinum-based complex approved by …

Prostate cancer (PCa) affects millions of men globally. Due to advances in understanding
genomic landscapes and biological functions, the treatment of PCa continues to improve …

Forming the inner layer of the vascular system, endothelial cells (ECs) facilitate a multitude
of crucial physiological processes throughout the body. Vascular ECs enable the vessel wall …