RNA polymerases (RNAPs) carry out transcription in all living organisms. All multisubunit
RNAPs are derived from a common ancestor, a fact that becomes apparent from their amino …

A minimal RNA polymerase II (pol II) transcription system comprises the polymerase and five
general transcription factors (GTFs) TFIIB,-D,-E,-F, and-H. The addition of Mediator enables …

Protein biosynthesis depends on the availability of ribosomes, which in turn relies on
ribosomal RNA production. In eukaryotes, this process is carried out by RNA polymerase I …

Mutations in rpoB (RNA polymerase β‐subunit) can cause high‐level resistance to
rifampicin, an important first‐line drug against tuberculosis. Most rifampicin‐resistant (RifR) …

Transcription is a central step in gene expression, in which the DNA template is processively
read by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), synthesizing a complementary messenger RNA …

During transcription elongation, RNA polymerase has been assumed to attain equilibrium
between pre-and post-translocated states rapidly relative to the subsequent catalysis. Under …

The trigger loop (TL) is a polymorphous component of RNA polymerase (RNAP) that makes
direct substrate contacts and promotes nucleotide addition when folded into an α-helical …

The multi-subunit DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) is the principal enzyme of
transcription for gene expression. Transcription is regulated by various transcription factors …

Pyrophosphate ion (PPi) release after nucleotide incorporation is a necessary step for RNA
polymerase II (pol II) to enter the next nucleotide addition cycle during transcription …

Comprehensive multiple sequence alignments of the multisubunit DNA-dependent RNA
polymerase (RNAP) large subunits, including the bacterial β and β′ subunits and their …