Motivational processes are complex and multifaceted, with both directional and activational
aspects. Behavioral activation and exertion of effort are functions that enable organisms to …

Apathy and anhedonia are common syndromes of motivation that are associated with a wide
range of brain disorders and have no established therapies. Research using animal models …

Apathy is a debilitating syndrome associated with many neurological disorders, including
several common neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's …

Research on cognitive control and executive function has long recognized the relevance of
motivational factors. Recently, however, the topic has come increasingly to center stage, with …

The dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) has attracted great interest from neuroscientists
because it is associated with so many important cognitive functions. Despite, or perhaps …

Mental fatigue reflects a change in psychobiological state, caused by prolonged periods of
demanding cognitive activity. It has been well documented that mental fatigue impairs …

It has long been assumed that people treat cognitive effort as costly, but also that such effort
costs may vary greatly across individuals. Individual differences in subjective effort could …

Anhedonia is a core symptom of major depressive disorder (MDD), the neurobiological
mechanisms of which remain poorly understood. Despite decades of speculation regarding …

Fatigue can have a major impact on an individual's performance and wellbeing, yet is poorly
understood, even within the scientific community. There is no developed theory of its origins …

Behavioral and economic theories have long maintained that actions are chosen so as to
minimize demands for exertion or work, a principle sometimes referred to as the law of less …