Inflammatory processes are prominent in various types of human and experimental
pulmonary hypertension (PH) and are increasingly recognized as major pathogenic …

Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in people
living with HIV. Several epidemiological studies have shown an increased risk of myocardial …

The secondary role of pathology in the present clinical management of pulmonary
hypertension (PH) reflects to some extent the limitations of the current understanding of the …

The urogenital tract appears to be the only niche of the human body that shows clear
differences in microbiota between men and women. The female reproductive tract has …

The availability of highly active antiretroviral therapies (HAART) has not eliminated HIV-1
infection of the central nervous system (CNS) or the occurrence of HIV-associated …

Abstract Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 21~ 25-nucleotides (nt) long and interact
with mRNAs to trigger either translational repression or RNA cleavage through RNA …

Several cellular functions such as apoptosis, cellular proliferation, inflammation, and
immune regulation involve the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF)/TNF receptor (TNFR) pathway …

In response to invasion by microbial pathogens, host defense mechanisms get activated by
both the innate and adaptive arms of the immune responses. TNF (tumor necrosis factor) is a …

Immunoglobulin class switching from immunoglobulin M (IgM) to IgG and IgA is central to
immunity against viruses and requires the activation of B cells by T cells via CD154 (CD40 …

HIV-1 Nef has been demonstrated to be integral for viral persistence, infectivity, and the
acceleration of disease pathogenesis (AIDS) in humans. Nef has also been detected in the …