Connections between neurons can be mapped by acquiring and analysing electron
microscopic brain images. In recent years, this approach has been applied to chunks of …

Associating multiple sensory cues with objects and experience is a fundamental brain
process that improves object recognition and memory performance. However, neural …

Brains comprise complex networks of neurons and connections, similar to the nodes and
edges of artificial networks. Network analysis applied to the wiring diagrams of brains can …

Octopamine, the functional analog of noradrenaline, modulates many different behaviors
and physiological processes in invertebrates. In the central nervous system, a few …

To survive in changing environments, animals need to learn to associate specific sensory
stimuli with positive or negative valence. How do they form stimulus-specific memories to …

The mushroom body (MB) is the center for associative learning in insects. In Drosophila,
intersectional split-GAL4 drivers and electron microscopy (EM) connectomes have laid the …

Effective and stimulus-specific learning is essential for animals' survival. Two major
mechanisms are known to aid stimulus specificity of associative learning. One is accurate …

The coincidence between conditioned stimulus (CS) and unconditioned stimulus (US) is
essential for associative learning; however, the mechanism regulating the duration of this …

Associative memory formation and recall in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is
subserved by the mushroom body (MB). Upon arrival in the MB, sensory information …

The mushroom bodies of Drosophila contain circuitry compatible with race models of
perceptual choice. When flies discriminate odor intensity differences, opponent pools of αβ …