The molecular mechanisms of cellular insulin action have been the focus of much
investigation since the discovery of the hormone 100 years ago. Insulin action is impaired in …

As the gut microbiota exerts various effects on the intestinal milieu which influences distant
organs and pathways, it is considered to be a full-fledged endocrine organ. The microbiota …

The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, the
hallmark of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the cause-effect relationship remains …

Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) bind specifically to the IGF1 receptor on the cell surface of
targeted tissues. Ligand binding to the α subunit of the receptor leads to a conformational …

Insulin resistance is a metabolic disorder affecting multiple tissues and is a precursor event
to type 2 diabetes (T2D). As T2D affects over 425 million people globally, there is an …

In the wake of the worldwide increase in type-2 diabetes, a major focus of research is
understanding the signaling pathways impacting this disease. Insulin signaling regulates …

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is now recognized as an important metabolic as well as
reproductive disorder conferring substantially increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Affected …

Insulin resistance is a systemic disorder that affects many organs and insulin-regulated
pathways. The disorder is characterized by a reduced action of insulin despite increased …