Tremendous strides have been made in our understanding of the neurobiological substrates
of memory–the so-called memory “engram”. Here, we integrate recent progress in the …

GABAergic inhibitory circuits play an essential role in coordinating various hippocampal
functions. Several decades of work dedicated to a thorough characterization of hippocampal …

Neuronal ensembles that hold specific memory (memory engrams) have been identified in
the hippocampus, amygdala, or cortex. However, it has been hypothesized that engrams of …

Traditionally considered a homogeneous cell type, hippocampal pyramidal cells have been
recently shown to be highly diverse. However, how this cellular diversity relates to the …

The generalization of fear memories is an adaptive neurobiological process that promotes
survival in complex and dynamic environments. When confronted with a potential threat, an …

The empathic ability to vicariously experience the other's fearful situation, a process called
observational fear (OF), is critical to survive in nature and function in society. OF can be …

Mechanisms governing how immune cells and their derived molecules impact homeostatic
brain function are still poorly understood. Here, we elucidate neuronal mechanisms …

One of the most useful metaphors for driving scientific and engineering progress has been
that of the “machine”. Much controversy exists about the applicability of this concept in the …

Epilepsy is considered a circuit-level dysfunction associated with imbalanced excitation-
inhibition, it is therapeutically necessary to identify key brain regions and related circuits in …

Fear conditioning is one of the most frequently used laboratory procedures for modeling
learning and memory generally, and anxiety disorders in particular. The conditional …