Reputation and reciprocity are key mechanisms for cooperation in human societies, often
going hand in hand to favor prosocial behavior over selfish actions. Here we review recent …

Extensive cooperation among unrelated individuals is unique to humans, who often sacrifice
personal benefits for the common good and work together to achieve what they are unable …

In evolutionary computation, the fitness function normally measures progress toward an
objective in the search space, effectively acting as an objective function. Through deception …

Every form of behaviour is shaped by trial and error. Such stepwise adaptation can occur
through individual learning or through natural selection, the basis of evolution. Since the …

Robert Axelrod is widely known for his groundbreaking work in game theory and complexity
theory. He is a leader in applying computer modeling to social science problems. His book …

At a time of unprecedented expansion in the life sciences, evolution is the one theory that
transcends all of biology. Any observation of a living system must ultimately be interpreted in …

Darwinian evolution has to provide an explanation for cooperative behaviour. Theories of
cooperation are based on kin selection (dependent on genetic relatedness),, group …

THE Prisoner's Dilemma is the leading metaphor for the evolution of cooperative behaviour
in populations of selfish agents, especially since the well-known computer tournaments of …

Game theory is one of the key paradigms behind many scientific disciplines from biology to
behavioral sciences to economics. In its evolutionary form and especially when the …

At once a pioneering study of evolution and an accessible and lively reading experience, a
book that offers the most convincing—and radical—explanation for how and why the human …