Tryptophan (TRP), an essential amino acid in mammals, is involved in several physiological
processes including neuronal function, immunity, and gut homeostasis. In humans, TRP is …

The accumulating knowledge of the host-microbiota interplay gives rise to the microbiota-gut-
brain (MGB) axis. The MGB axis depicts the interkingdom communication between the gut …

The importance of tryptophan as a precursor for neuroactive compounds has long been
acknowledged. The metabolism of tryptophan along the kynurenine pathway and its …

This paper reviews that cell-mediated-immune (CMI) activation and inflammation contribute
to depressive symptoms, including anhedonia; anxiety-like behaviors; fatigue and somatic …

Comorbid depression and chronic pain are highly prevalent in individuals suffering from
physical illness. Here, we critically examine the possibility that inflammation is the common …

It is of considerable translational importance whether depression is a form or a consequence
of sickness behavior. Sickness behavior is a behavioral complex induced by infections and …

Many studies support a crucial role for oxidative & nitrosative stress (O&NS) in the
pathophysiology of unipolar and bipolar depression. These disorders are characterized inter …

This paper reviews the body of evidence that not only tryptophan and consequent 5-HT
depletion, but also induction of indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) and the detrimental …

Despite extensive research, the current theories on serotonergic dysfunctions and cortisol
hypersecretion do not provide sufficient explanations for the nature of depression. Rational …

1. This paper reviews recent findings on cellular and humoral immunity and inflammatory
markers in depression. 2. 2. It is shown that major depression may be accompanied by …