The multifaceted organization of the immune system involves not only patrolling
lymphocytes that constantly monitor antigen-presenting cells in secondary lymphoid organs …

The vertebrate immune system has evolved in concert with a broad range of infectious
agents, including ubiquitous helminth (worm) parasites. The constant pressure of helminth …

Helminth-induced type 2 immune responses, which are characterized by the T helper 2 cell-
associated cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4) and IL-13, mediate host protection through …

IL-9 fate reporter mice established type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) as major producers
of this cytokine in vivo. Here we focus on the role of IL-9 and ILC2s during the lung stage of …

We examined the role of innate cells in acquired resistance to the natural murine parasitic
nematode, Nippostrongylus brasiliensis. Macrophages obtained from lungs as late as 45 d …

Immunological memory is critical for immune protection, particularly at epithelial sites, which
are under constant risk of pathogen invasions. To counter invading pathogens, CD8+ …

Parasitic helminths are a major cause of chronic human disease, affecting more than 3
billion people worldwide. Host protection against most parasitic helminths relies upon Type …

Defining the immune mechanisms underlying protective immunity to helminth infection
remains an important challenge. Here we report that lung CD4+ T cells and Group 2 innate …

Tuberculosis and helminthic infections coexist in many parts of the world, yet the impact of
helminth-elicited Th2 responses on the ability of the host to control Mycobacterium …

Macrophages are known to mediate anti-helminth responses, but it remains uncertain which
subsets are involved or how macrophages actually kill helminths. Here, we show rapid …