Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

Modularity is now generally recognized as a fundamental feature of organisms, one that may
have profound consequences for evolution. Modularity has recently become a major focus of …

Relative brain size has long been considered a reflection of cognitive capacities and has
played a fundamental role in developing core theories in the life sciences. Yet, the notion …

We present mvmorph, a package of multivariate phylogenetic comparative methods for the r
statistical environment. mvmorph is freely available on the cran package repository …

Bird beaks are textbook examples of ecological adaptation to diet, but their shapes are also
controlled by genetic and developmental histories. To test the effects of these factors on the …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Modularity describes the case where patterns of trait covariation are unevenly dispersed
across traits. Specifically, trait correlations are high and concentrated within subsets of …

One of the enduring questions that has driven neuroscientific enquiry in the last century has
been the nature of differences in the prefrontal cortex of humans versus other animals [1] …

Mosaic evolution, which results from multiple influences shaping morphological traits and
can lead to the presence of a mixture of ancestral and derived characteristics, has been …

Phenotypic integration and modularity are ubiquitous features of complex organisms,
describing the magnitude and pattern of relationships among biological traits. A key …