Chronic venous disease (CVD) is a multifactorial condition affecting an important
percentage of the global population. It ranges from mild clinical signs, such as …

Background The cause of multiple sclerosis is believed to involve environmental exposure
and genetic susceptibility. We aimed to summarise the environmental risk factors that have …

Uncontrolled macrophage activation is now considered to be a critical event in the
pathogenesis of chronic inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, multiple sclerosis …

Background: The extracranial venous outflow routes in clinically defined multiple sclerosis
(CDMS) have not previously been investigated. Methods: Sixty-five patients affected by …

Iron is a key nutrient for normal central nervous system (CNS) development and function;
thus, iron deficiency as well as iron excess may result in harmful effects in the CNS …

Background The production of peroxide and superoxide is an inevitable consequence of
aerobic metabolism, and while these particular'reactive oxygen species'(ROSs) can exhibit a …

Exposure to a variety of toxins and/or infectious agents leads to disease, degeneration and
death, often characterised by circumstances in which cells or tissues do not merely die and …

Diabetic and anemia-associated diabetic wounds increase the considerable morbidity and
mortality in people, as reported by clinical studies. However, no anemia-associated diabetic …

OBJECTIVE: Chronic cerebrospinal venous insufficiency (CCSVI) is characterized by
combined stenoses of the principal pathways of extracranial venous drainage, including the …

Purpose To investigate whether the variable forms of putative iron deposition seen with
susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI) will lead to a set of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesion …