The pathological processes underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) involve more than
dopamine cell loss within the midbrain. These non-dopaminergic neurotransmitters include …

Neurotransmitters other than dopamine are recognized as having modulatory roles within
the basal ganglia and can influence the basal ganglia dopaminergic system to alter activity …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that features progressive,
disabling motor symptoms, such as bradykinesia, rigidity, and resting tremor. Nevertheless …

Given the high whittling down rates, high costs, and moderate pace of new medication,
revelation, and improvement, repurposing “old” drugs to treat typical and uncommon …

Introduction: Dyskinesia is a motor complication of Parkinson's disease (PD) characterized
by clinical heterogeneity and complex pathogenesis and associated with long-term …

Parkinson's disease is primarily caused by dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons, however,
nondopaminergic (ND) systems are also involved. ND targets are potentially useful to …

Parkinson's disease therapy is still focused on the use of L-3, 4-dihydroxyphenylalanine
(levodopa or L-dopa) for the symptomatic treatment of the main clinical features of the …

Dyskinetic disorders are characterized by excess of motor activity that may interfere with
normal movement control. In patients with Parkinson's disease, the chronic levodopa …

Background Mild memory impairment, termed amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI), is
associated with rapid progression towards dementia in Parkinson's disease (PD). Studies …

Abstract l-Dopa-induced dyskinesias (LID) are the most common adverse effects of long-
term dopaminergic therapy in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the exact mechanisms …