Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

Estrogen can elicit pleiotropic cellular responses via a diversity of estrogen receptors (ERs)—
mediated genomic and rapid non-genomic mechanisms. Unlike the genomic responses …

Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular
function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and …

During cold exposure, activated brown adipose tissue (BAT) takes up a large amount of
circulating glucose to fuel non-shivering thermogenesis and defend against hypothermia …

In mammalian ovaries, immature oocytes are reserved in primordial follicles until their
activation for potential ovulation. Precise control of primordial follicle activation (PFA) is …

Sex differences in cardiac electrophysiological properties and arrhythmias are evident in
epidemiologic and investigative studies as well as in daily patient care. At the …

It is well-known that gender is an independent risk factor for some types of cardiac
arrhythmias. For example, males have a greater prevalence of atrial fibrillation and the …

A prolonged QT interval is a marker for an increased risk of ventricular tachyarrhythmias.
Both endogenous and exogenous sex hormones have been shown to affect the QT interval …

The incidence and expression of cardiovascular diseases differs between the sexes. This is
not surprising, as cardiac physiology differs between men and women. Clinical and basic …

The inclusion of women in preclinical pain studies has become more commonplace in the
last decade as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its “Sex as a Biological …