This paper is a review of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) project and model. IRI
is recognized as the official standard for the Earth's ionosphere by the International …

Abstract The Antarctic and Arctic regions are Earth's open windows to outer space. They
provide unique opportunities for investigating the troposphere–thermosphere–ionosphere …

This paper aims to provide an overview on recent advances in ionospheric modeling
capabilities, with the emphasis in the efforts relevant to electron density variability. The …

Abstract The Assimilative Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (A‐CHAIM) is an
operational ionospheric data assimilation model that provides a 3D representation of the …

Here, we assess to what extent the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐
CHAIM) can reproduce the climatological variations of vertical Total Electron Content (vTEC) …

High Frequency (HF) radio propagation, and applications such as Over-The-Horizon Radar
(OTHR), is sensitive to ionospheric disturbances caused by space weather. Improved …

Abstract The Empirical Canadian High Artic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM) provides the four‐
dimensional ionosphere electron density at northern high latitudes (> 50° geomagnetic …

Sky-wave over-the-horizon radar (OTHR) propagates radio waves off the ionosphere to
provide long-range surveillance around the Earth's curvature. Frequency selection for high …

Electron density measured at high latitudes by the Swarm satellites is compared with the
measurements by the RISR incoherent scatter radars as the satellites fly by the radars' field …

High frequency (HF) radio wave propagation is sensitive to ionospheric disturbances
caused by space weather. Changes in propagation conditions can be directly measured …