Visual displays are very frequently used in learning materials. Although visual displays have
great potential to foster learning, they also pose substantial demands on learners so that the …

Recent studies have tested the addition of worked examples to tutored problem solving, a
more effective instructional approach than the untutored problem solving used in prior …

This chapter provides an overview of the multimedia principle, which refers to the finding that
learning with words and pictures is more effective than learning with words alone. Although …

This chapter examines text comprehension and discourse processing from a cognitive
standpoint, exploring research evidence that forms the basis for what is known about how …

Making connections between graphical representations is integral to learning in science,
technology, engineering, and mathematical (STEM) fields. However, students often fail to …

Rule-based cognitive models serve many roles in intelligent tutoring systems (ITS)
development. They help understand student thinking and problem solving, help guide many …

This study investigated the effects of music therapy and pictorial illustration on the attention
span of children with mild intellectual difficulties. A pre-test, post-test and control group quasi …

Within intelligent tutoring systems, considerable research has investigated hints, including
how to generate data-driven hints, what hint content to present, and when to provide hints for …

Online security attacks are a growing concern among Internet users. Currently, the Internet
community is facing three types of security attacks: physical, syntactic, and semantic …

Reinforcement learning is an unsupervised learning algorithm, where learning is based
upon feedback from the environment. Prior research has proposed cognitive (eg, Instance …