Over the last century hundreds of studies have demonstrated that testing is an effective
intervention to enhance long-term retention of studied knowledge and facilitate mastery of …

Attempting recall of information from memory, as occurs when taking a practice test, is one of
the most potent training techniques known to learning science. However, does testing yield …

The development of students' higher order learning is a critical component of education. For
decades, educators and scientists have engaged in an ongoing debate about whether …

Learning is often identified with the acquisition and encoding of new information. Reading a
textbook, listening to a lecture, participating in a hands-on classroom activity, and studying a …

Given the growing interest in retrieval practice among educators, it is valuable to know when
retrieval practice does and does not improve student learning—particularly for educators …

How do learners make decisions about how, what, and when to study, and why are their
decisions sometimes ineffective for learning? In three studies, learners experienced a pair of …

In some hands, history can be an inspirational and rewarding subject, yet in others it can
seem dry and of little relevance. Learning to Teach History in the Secondary School, now in …

The literature on individual differences in long-term memory (LTM) is organized and
reviewed. This includes an extensive review of the factor structure of LTM abilities as well as …

The testing effect, defined as the positive effect of retrieval practice (ie, self-testing) on long-
term memory retention relative to other ways to support learning, is a robust empirical …

Since 1975, researchers have conducted interventions to improve the word-problem
performance of elementary school students facing mathematics difficulties. The current study …