Antimicrobial resistance is an old and silent pandemic. Resistant organisms emerge in
parallel with new antibiotics, leading to a major global public health crisis over time …

Efflux pumps are widely implicated in antibiotic resistance because they can extrude the
majority of clinically relevant antibiotics from within cells to the extracellular environment …

The global emergence of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a growing threat to
antibiotic therapy. The chromosomally encoded drug efflux mechanisms that are ubiquitous …

Bacterial multidrug efflux pumps are antibiotic resistance determinants present in all
microorganisms. With few exceptions, they are chromosomally encoded and present a …

Evolution is the hallmark of life. Descriptions of the evolution of microorganisms have
provided a wealth of information, but knowledge regarding “what happened” has precluded …

Hosts and bacteria have coevolved over millions of years, during which pathogenic bacteria
have modified their virulence mechanisms to adapt to host defense systems. Although the …

The substantial use of antibiotics in the clinic, combined with a dearth of new antibiotic
classes, has led to a gradual increase in the resistance of bacterial pathogens to these …

Most antibiotic resistance mechanisms are associated with a fitness cost that is typically
observed as a reduced bacterial growth rate. The magnitude of this cost is the main …

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since
they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants …

Antibiotic resistance is a problem for human health, and consequently, its study had been
traditionally focused toward its impact for the success of treating human infections in …