Organisms are continually exposed to exogenous and endogenous sources of reactive
oxygen species (ROS) and other oxidants that have both beneficial and deleterious effects …

Oxidative stress (OS) is a metabolic dysfunction mediated by the imbalance between the
biochemical processes leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) …

Macrophages are the most abundant immune cells within the synovial joints, and also the
main innate immune effector cells triggering the initial inflammatory responses in the …

Background Sepsis is a fatal disease with a high rate of morbidity and mortality, during
which acute lung injury is the earliest and most serious complication. Injury of pulmonary …

Polyphenols constitute an important group of natural products that are traditionally
associated with a wide range of bioactivities. These are usually found in low concentrations …

Cellular senescence is a heterogeneous process guided by genetic, epigenetic and
environmental factors, characterizing many types of somatic cells. It has been suggested as …

Inflammation is a fundamental defensive response to harmful stimuli, but the overactivation
of inflammatory responses is associated with most human diseases. Reactive oxygen …

The transcription factor NRF2 coordinates the expression of a vast array of cytoprotective
and metabolic genes in response to various stress inputs to restore cellular homeostasis …

Heme-oxygenase is the enzyme responsible for degradation of endogenous iron
protoporphyirin heme; it catalyzes the reaction's rate-limiting step, resulting in the release of …

Cerebrovascular disease and its risk factors cause persistent decrease of cerebral blood
flow, chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH) is the major foundation of vascular cognitive …