Abstract Space weather effects arise from the dynamic conditions in the Earth's space
environment driven by processes on the Sun. While some effects are influenced neither by …

Determination of the energy input for the magnetospheric energy budget is a nontrivial
matter. As no direct means to measure the input are known, various solar wind‐derived …

Geomagnetic indices are a measure of geomagnetic activity, which is a signature of the
response of the Earth magnetosphere and ionosphere to solar forcing. They play a …

We present a review on geomagnetic indices describing global geomagnetic storm activity
(Kp, am, Dst and dDst/dt) and on indices designed to characterize high latitude currents and …

Observations from the Polar Ionospheric X‐ray Imaging Experiment (PIXIE) and the
Ultraviolet Imager (UVI) on board the Polar satellite have been used to examine the energy …

Quantitatively estimating the energy input from the solar wind into the magnetosphere on a
global scale is still an observational challenge. We perform three‐dimensional …

This chapter reviews recent findings of multi‐scale structures and dynamics in the high‐
latitude ionosphere, particularly on meso‐scale (10s‐100s km) processes, as well as their …

Much of what we know about the solar wind's interaction with the Earth's magnetosphere
has been gained from isolated in-situ measurements by single or multiple spacecraft. Based …

Mutually conflicting results have been presented in earlier studies on the long‐term relation
of geomagnetic activity (GA) and the winter northern annular mode (NAM) and its …

In this paper we describe and quantify the energy transfer, flow, and distribution. Our high‐
resolution data set covers 13 years of OMNI, SuperMAG, and Kyoto data. We employ what …