Our brains consist of 80% water, which is continuously shifted between different
compartments and cell types during physiological and pathophysiological processes …

Electrical activity in neurons requires a seamless functional coupling between
plasmalemmal ion channels and ion transporters. Although ion channels have been studied …

A modern understanding of how cerebral cortical lesions develop after acute brain injury is
based on Aristides Leão's historic discoveries of spreading depression and asphyxial/anoxic …

Background When a patient arrives in the emergency department following a stroke, a
traumatic brain injury, or sudden cardiac arrest, there is no therapeutic drug available to help …

Cytotoxic brain edema triggered by neuronal swelling is the chief cause of mortality
following brain trauma and cerebral infarct. Using fluorescence lifetime imaging to analyze …

Spreading depolarization (SD) is a phenomenon of various cerebral gray matter structures
that only occurs under pathological conditions. In the present paper, we summarize the …

Neuronal cytotoxic edema is the morphological correlate of the near-complete neuronal
battery breakdown called spreading depolarization, or conversely, spreading depolarization …

The K-Cl co-transporter KCC2 plays multiple roles in the physiology of central neurons and
alterations of its function and/or expression are associated with several neurological …

Hyponatremia is defined by low serum sodium concentration and is the most common
electrolyte disorder encountered in clinical practice. Serum sodium is the main determinant …

Diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) is a sensitive and reliable marker of cerebral ischemia. Within
minutes of an ischemic event in the brain, the microscopic motion of water molecules …