Negative controls are increasingly used to evaluate the presence of potential unmeasured
confounding in observational studies. Beyond the use of negative controls to detect the …

In recent years, reinforcement learning (RL) has acquired a prominent position in health‐
related sequential decision‐making problems, gaining traction as a valuable tool for …

Strong epidemiologic evidence from ecologic and individual-level studies in the United
States supports the claim that access to firearms substantially increases the risk of dying by …

Studies designed to estimate the effect of an action in a randomized or observational setting
often do not represent a random sample of the desired target population. Instead, estimates …

A common approach to constructing a Synthetic Control unit is to fit on the outcome variable
and covariates in pre-treatment time periods, but it has been shown by Ferman and Pinto …

Confounding occurs when the subpopulations of the source population being compared
would have different outcomes over the risk period under study, even if they were subject to …

Methodological shortcomings of studies can lead to bias, in the sense of systematic (non-
random) distortion of estimates from the studies. Among well-recognized bias sources are …

Comparisons of treatments, interventions, or exposures are of central interest in
epidemiology, but direct comparisons are not always possible due to practical or ethical …

With ever-decreasing participation and response rates, a question for polling and survey
statistics more broadly has been the central role of random sampling to ensure external …