Plants have evolved a repertoire of monitoring systems to sense plant morphogenesis and
to face environmental changes and threats caused by different attackers. These systems …

Land-adapted plants appeared between about 480 and 360 million years ago in the mid-
Palaeozoic era, originating from charophycean green algae. The successful adaptation to …

Early and accurate detection and diagnosis of plant diseases are key factors in plant
production and the reduction of both qualitative and quantitative losses in crop yield. Optical …

The plant cell wall is the first physical and defensive barrier against pathogens. The plant
cell wall usually undergoes dynamic remodeling as an immune response to prevent …

The battle between plants and microbes is evolutionarily ancient, highly complex, and often
co-dependent. A primary challenge for microbes is to breach the physical barrier of host cell …

Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a hallmark of successful recognition of
infection and activation of plant defenses. ROS play multifaceted signaling functions …

Phytopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes invade and colonize their host plants
through distinct routes. These pathogens secrete diverse groups of effector proteins that aid …

Beneficial soil bacteria confer immunity against a wide range of foliar diseases by activating
plant defenses, thereby reducing a plant's susceptibility to pathogen attack. Although …

Plant cell walls are complex, dynamic cellular structures essential for plant growth,
development, physiology and adaptation. Plant Cell Walls provides an in depth and diverse …

In plant innate immunity, the first line of microbial recognition leading to active defence
responses relies on the perception of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by …