Abstract The translocator protein (18 kDa)(TSPO) is localized primarily in the outer
mitochondrial membrane of steroid-synthesizing cells, including those in the central and …

Background: Preclinical studies, clinical trials, and reviews suggest increasing 3', 5'-cyclic
adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and 3', 5'-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) with …

Enhancing cyclic nucleotides signaling by inhibition of phosphodiesterases (PDEs) is known
to be beneficial in disorders associated with cognitive decline. The present study was …

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces physical, cognitive, and psychosocial deficits that affect
millions of patients. TBI activates numerous cellular mechanisms and molecular cascades …

Vinpocetine (VPN) is an ethyl apovincaminate that has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant
effects by inhibiting the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and …

A cerebrovascular accident, or stroke, is defined as the abrupt onset of a neurological deficit,
which can be due to ischemia. Cerebral ischemia is caused by a reduction in blood flow that …

Immune responses play an important role in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and
ischemic stroke. Atherosclerosis is a common condition that increases the risk of stroke …

BACKGROUNDS AND PURPOSE: The main objectives of the present study were (i) to
measure density changes of activated microglia and the peripheral benzodiazepine …

In this study, we investigated the effects of the memory-enhancing drugs piracetam,
vincamine, and vinpocetine or the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil on the development of …

abstract Autophagy is a major molecular mechanism that eliminates cellular damage in
eukaryotic organisms. Basal levels of autophagy are required for maintaining cellular …