C-type lectins (CTLs) are a family of proteins that contain characteristic modules of
carbohydrate-recognition domains (CRDs) and they possess the binding activity to ligands …

Highlights•Horizontal transfer of genetic material (especially transposable elements)
between eukaryotes is more frequent than previously thought.•Host-to-virus horizontal …

Within animals, evolutionary transition toward herbivory is severely limited by the hostile
characteristics of plants. Arthropods have nonetheless counteracted many nutritional and …

Horizontal transfer of transposable elements (HTT) is an important process shaping
eukaryote genomes, yet very few studies have quantified this phenomenon on a large scale …

Horizontal gene transfer, the movement of genetic material between species, has been
reported across all major eukaryotic lineages. However, the underlying mechanisms of …

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), as the “sensors” in the immune response, play a
prominent role in recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and …

Lepidopteran insects have potent innate immunity to fight against the invading pathogens.
As the initiation step, pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) recognize and bind microbial …

Interkingdom competition occurs between hymenopteran parasitoids and insect viruses
sharing the same insect hosts. It has been assumed that parasitoid larvae die with the death …

Paleovirology is the study of ancient viruses and how they have coevolved with their hosts.
An increasingly detailed understanding of the diversity, origins, and evolution of the DNA …

Background All living species contain genetic information that was once shared by their
common ancestor. DNA is being inherited through generations by vertical transmission (VT) …