Immune defense and reproduction are physiologically and energetically demanding
processes and have been observed to trade off in a diversity of female insects. Increased …

We review our ecological understanding of wildlife infectious diseases from the individual
host to the ecosystem scale, highlighting where conceptual thinking lacks verification …

Human‐induced landscape change associated with habitat loss and fragmentation places
wildlife populations at risk. One issue in these landscapes is a change in the prevalence of …

This overview addresses the formation of solid trash and the various forms of waste from a
variety of industries, which environmentalists have embraced. The paper investigates the …

The evolution of female promiscuity poses an intriguing problem as benefits of mating with
multiple males often have to arise via indirect, genetic, effects. Studies on birds have …

Parasites can dramatically reduce the fitness of their hosts, and natural selection should
favor defense mechanisms that can protect hosts against disease. Much work has focused …

A noted cost of mating is the risk of acquiring sexually transmitted infections that are
detrimental to the recipient. But many microbial associates of eukaryotes are mutualistic …

Mating and immunity are intimately linked to fitness. In both vertebrates and invertebrates,
recent investigations into mate choice for immunity, tradeoffs between reproduction and …

Microsporidians are obligate parasites of many animals, including mosquitoes. Some
microsporidians have been proposed as potential agents for the biological control of …

Microorganisms that reside within or transmit through arthropod reproductive tissues have
profound impacts on host reproduction, health and evolution. In this Review, we discuss …