Activation of glial cells and neuro–glial interactions are emerging as key mechanisms
underlying chronic pain. Accumulating evidence has implicated 3 types of glial cells in the …

Microglial cells are the resident macrophages in the central nervous system. These cells of
mesodermal/mesenchymal origin migrate into all regions of the central nervous system …

Over the past two decades it became evident that the immune system plays a central role in
modulating learning, memory and neural plasticity. Under normal quiescent conditions …

Neuropathic pain resulting from damage or dysfunction of the nervous system is a highly
debilitating chronic pain state and is often resistant to currently available treatments. It has …

Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) was discovered more than a century ago, and its known
roles have extended from within the immune system to include a neuro-inflammatory domain …

The outbreak of Zika virus (ZIKV) and associated fetal microcephaly mandates efforts to
understand the molecular processes of infection. Related flaviviruses produce noncoding …

Chronic pain represents a major challenge to clinical practice and basic science. Excitatory
neurotransmission in somatosensory nociceptive pathways is predominantly mediated by …

Microglia are the main resident immune-competent cell type of the central nervous system
(CNS); these cells are highly sensitive to subtle changes in the chemical environment of the …

This review discusses the evidence supporting a role for ATP signaling (operated by P 2 X
and P 2 Y receptors) and adenosine signaling (mainly operated by A 1 and A 2A receptors) …

The microglia, once thought only to be supporting cells of the central nervous system (CNS),
are now recognized to play essential roles in many pathologies. Many studies within the last …