Extreme cold marine and freshwater temperatures (below 4° C) induce massive
deterioration to the cell membranes of organisms resulting in the formation of ice crystals …

By natural selection, organisms evolve different solutions to cope with extremely cold
weather. The emergence of an antifreeze protein gene is one of the most momentous …

Unconventional protein secretion (UPS) is a collective term for mechanisms by which
cytosolic proteins that lack a signal peptide (“leaderless secretory proteins”(LSPs)) can gain …

Cold stress adversely affects plant growth, development, and yield. Also, the spatial and
geographical distribution of plant species is influenced by low temperatures. Cold stress …

Sub-zero temperatures put plants at risk of damage associated with the formation of ice
crystals in the apoplast. Some freeze-tolerant plants mitigate this risk by expressing ice …

The extracellular space between cell wall and plasma membrane acts as the first battle field
between plants and pathogens. Bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes that colonize the living plant …

Overwintering plants secrete antifreeze proteins (AFPs) to provide freezing tolerance. These
proteins bind to and inhibit the growth of ice crystals that are formed in the apoplast during …

Recent studies suggest that plants secrete a large number of proteins and peptides into the
extracellular space. Secreted proteins play a crucial role in stress response, communication …

Small secreted proteins (SSPs) are less than 250 amino acids in length and are actively
transported out of cells through conventional protein secretion pathways or unconventional …

Reactive nitrogen species (RNS) including nitric oxide (NO) are important components of
stress signaling. However, RNS-mediated signaling in the apoplast remains largely …