The ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is the major intracellular and non-lysosomal
protein degradation system. Thanks to its unique capacity of eliminating old, damaged …

The NF-κB signaling pathway has particular relevance to several liver diseases including
hepatitis (liver infection by Helicobacter, viral hepatitis induced by HBV and HCV), liver …

Viral infection triggers host innate immune responses through activation of the transcription
factors NF-κB and IRF3, which coordinately regulate the expression of type-I interferons …

The outcome of a viral infection is regulated in part by the complex coordination of viral and
host interactions that compete for the control and optimization of virus replication. Severe …

Rotavirus (RV) is the foremost enteric pathogen associated with severe diarrheal illness in
young children (< 5years) and animals worldwide. RV primarily infects mature enterocytes in …

The gene encoding PTEN is one of the most frequently mutated tumor suppressor–encoding
genes in human cancer. While PTEN's function in tumor suppression is well established, its …

Over the last decade, there has been significant advances in the understanding of the cross-
talk between metabolism and immune responses. It is now evident that immune cell effector …

Transcriptional activation of cytokines, such as type-I interferons (interferon (IFN)-α and IFN-
β), constitutes the first line of antiviral defence. Here we show that translational control is …

Recognition of double-stranded RNA activates interferon-regulatory factor 3 (IRF3)–
dependent expression of antiviral factors. Although the molecular mechanisms underlying …

TLRs can activate two distinct branches of downstream signaling pathways. MyD88 and
Toll/IL-1R domain-containing adaptor inducing IFN-β (TRIF) pathways lead to the …