The neuropsychopharmacological basis of fear‐or panic‐related behavior has been the
focus of several studies. Some mesencephalic tectum (MT) structures, such as the superior …

The pedunculopontine tegmental nucleus (PPTg) plays a vital role in sleep/wake states.
There are three main kinds of heterogeneous neurons involved: cholinergic, glutamatergic …

Objective: Patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) are at high risk for having a comorbid
condition of migraine, and these two common diseases are proposed to have some shared …

Objective The comorbidity of epilepsy and pain disorders as well as effectiveness of certain
therapeutic approaches in both conditions attracted attention to epilepsy–pain interactions …

Objective The hyperexcitable brain provides a common ground for comorbidity of pain
syndromes and epilepsy. There are controversial reports about pain sensitivity during the …

Recent studies have evaluated the effects of stimulation of the pedunculopontine tegmental
nucleus (PPTg) on sleep dysfunction in a small number of patients with advanced …

Electrical stimulation of the anterior pretectal nucleus (APtN) activates two descending pain
inhibitory pathways. One of these pathways relays in the ipsilateral lateral …

Generalised tonic-clonic seizures, generated by abnormal neuronal hyper-activity, cause a
significant and long-lasting increase in the nociceptive threshold. The pedunculopontine …

The ventrolateral periaqueductal gray matter (vlPAG) plays a critical role in the pathogenesis
of migraine and few studies have shown that vlPAG might be involved in the …

Post-ictal antinociception is characterised by an increase in the nociceptive threshold that
accompanies tonic and tonic-clonic seizures (TCS). The locus coeruleus (LC) receives …