HIV-1 has evolved mechanisms to evade host cell immune responses and persist for lifelong
infection. Latent cellular reservoirs are responsible for this persistence of HIV-1 despite the …

Defective HIV-1 proviruses represent a population of viral genomes that are selected for by
immune pressures, and clonally expanded to dominate the persistent HIV-1 proviral genome …

Langerhans cells (LC) are thought to be the only mononuclear phagocyte population in the
epidermis where they detect pathogens. Here, we show that CD11c+ dendritic cells (DCs) …

Low levels of type I interferon (IFN-I) are thought to be a driving force for immune activation
and T-cell exhaustion in HIV-1 infected individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy …

Rationale: V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA) is a novel
inhibitory immune checkpoint molecule. Vsir-/-mice have exacerbated psoriasis-like skin …

Therapeutic strategies that augment antiviral immunity and reduce the viral reservoir are
critical to achieving durable remission of HIV. The coinhibitory receptor programmed death-1 …

Cells of the myeloid lineage, particularly macrophages, serve as primary hosts for HIV in
vivo, along with CD4 T lymphocytes. Macrophages are present in virtually every tissue of the …

Type I interferons (IFN-Is) are a group of potent inflammatory and antiviral cytokines. They
induce IFN stimulated genes (ISGs), which act as proinflammatory mediators, antiviral …

HIV infection and antiretroviral therapy alter mitochondrial function, which can progressively
lead to mitochondrial damage and accelerated aging. The interaction between persistent …

Host restriction factors affect different phases of a viral life cycle, contributing to innate
immunity as the first line of defense against viruses, including HIV-1. These restriction factors …