IL-1 is an important mediator of inflammation and tissue damage in multiple organs, both in
experimental animal models of disease and in human diseases. The IL-1 family consists of …

Accumulating data indicate that oxidative stress (OS) plays a major role in the pathogenesis
of multiple sclerosis (MS). Reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to OS, generated in …

In many ways, atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disorder and this issue is confirmed
by recent investigations of that have focused on inflammation, providing new insight into …

Microglia play an important role as immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS).
Microglia are activated in threatened physiological homeostasis, including CNS trauma …

Despite the introduction of vaccines and drugs for SARS-CoV-2, the COVID-19 pandemic
continues to spread throughout the world. In severe COVID-19 patients, elevated levels of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an often disabling disease primarily affecting young adults that
exhibits extraordinary clinical, radiological, and pathological heterogeneity. We review the …

Proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)‐1β, are known to modulate effects of
neurotoxic neurotransmitters discharged during excitation or inflammation in the central …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative disease
of the central nervous system. The hallmark to MS is the demyelinated plaque, which …

P2X7 is a subtype of ATP-gated channels that is highly expressed in astrocytes, microglia,
and other immune cells. Activation of P2X7 purinoceptors by ATP or 3′-O-(4-benzoyl) …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system disease with an unpredictable course
and outcome. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are involved in the disease …