The continuing increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the general population is
predicted to result in a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease. Although the …

Vascular calcification is a hallmark of atherosclerosis. The location, density, and confluence
of calcification may change portions of the arterial conduit to a noncompliant structure …

Calcium is an essential trace element and a vital contributor to numerous reactions in
virtually every human cell. To ensure normal physiologic functions, intracellular and …

Ferroptosis is a form of regulated cell death that involves metabolic dysfunction resulting
from iron-dependent excessive lipid peroxidation. Elevated plasma levels of free fatty acids …

Several studies in recent years have demonstrated that gut microbiota–host interactions play
an important role in human health and disease, including inflammatory and cardiovascular …

Apoptotic cell death is usually a response to the cell's microenvironment. In the kidney,
apoptosis contributes to parenchymal cell loss in the course of acute and chronic renal …

As the GFR loss aggravates, the disturbed mineral metabolism worsens the bone
microstructure and remodelling‐scenario, which is known as CKD‐mineral bone disease …

Medial vascular calcification, associated with enhanced mortality in chronic kidney disease
(CKD), is fostered by osteo-/chondrogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle …

Fetuin-A (FetA) is a 64-kDa glycoprotein that is secreted from both the liver and adipose
tissue. Circulating FetA is elevated in obesity and related disorders including type 2 diabetes …

Increased vascular calcification (VC) is observed in patients with cardiovascular diseases
such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease. VC is divided into three types …