Our incomplete understanding of the causes and pathways involved in the onset and
progression of multiple sclerosis (MS) limits our ability to effectively treat this complex …

Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are a range of complications associated with the use
of immune-checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Two major classes of ICIs widely used are Cytotoxic …

Regulation of immune function continues to be one of the most well recognized extraskeletal
actions of vitamin D. This stemmed initially from the discovery that antigen presenting cells …

The immune system is key to host defense against pathogenic organisms. Aging is
associated with changes in the immune system, with a decline in protective components …

Vitamin D is one of the most important nutrients required by the human body. It is a steroid
hormone that plays an important role in regulating calcium and phosphorus metabolism, and …

Treg cells are critical regulators of immune homeostasis, and environment-driven Treg cell
differentiation into effector (e) Treg cells is crucial for optimal functioning. However, human …

Abstract IL-17A-producing CD4+ T helper cells (Th17) are crucial for the development of
inflammatory and autoimmune diseases and thus are exploited for clinical immunotherapies …

Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) is a common autoimmune disease affecting the thyroid gland,
characterized by lymphocytic infiltration, damage to thyroid cells, and hypothyroidism, and …

Aging attenuates the overall responsiveness of the immune system to eradicate pathogens.
The increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by innate immune cells under basal …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a nonspecific inflammatory disease that includes
ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn's disease (CD). The pathogenesis of IBD is not fully …