Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) encompass a diverse array of naturally occurring nanomaterials
derived from plant viruses, bacteriophages, and mammalian viruses. The application and …

Biological molecules such as DNA, proteins, and lipids can be assembled into naturally
existing nanoparticles, such as bacterial viruses (also called bacteriophages or phages) …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have gained a lot of interest within the past two decades. The use
of VLP-based vaccines to protect against three infectious agents—hepatitis B virus, human …

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the causative agents of human neoplasias such as
warts and cancers. There are∼ 19 HPV types associated with cancers, which has made it …

Subunit vaccines containing one or more target antigens from pathogenic organisms
represent safer alternatives to whole pathogen vaccines. However, the antigens by …

The two licensed bivalent and quadrivalent human papillomavirus (HPV) L1 (the major
papillomavirus virion protein) virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines are regarded as safe …

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a secretory protein that controls
cholesterol homeostasis by enhancing endosomal and lysosomal degradation of the low …

Infectious diseases are a major threat to global human health, yet prophylactic treatment
options can be limited, as safe and efficacious vaccines exist only for a fraction of all …

Licensed human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines contain virus-like particles (VLPs) self-
assembled from L1 major-capsid proteins that are remarkably effective prophylactic …

Virus-like particles (VLPs) have significant potential as artificial vaccines and drug delivery
systems. The ability to control their size has wide ranging utility but achieving such …