Propolis, a resinous material produced by honey bees from plant exudates, has long been
used in traditional herbal medicine and is widely consumed as a health aid and immune …

Honeybees (Apis mellifera) are key pollinators that support global agriculture and are long-
established models for developmental and behavioural research. Recently, they have …

Varroa destructor is among the greatest biological threats to western honey bee (Apis
mellifera L.) health worldwide. Beekeepers routinely use chemical treatments to control this …

The gut microbiota of the honey bee (Apis mellifera) offers several advantages as an
experimental system for addressing how gut communities affect their hosts and for exploring …

Deformed wing virus (DWV) and its vector, the mite Varroa destructor, are a major threat to
the world's honeybees. Although the impact of Varroa on colony-level DWV epidemiology is …

Studies of newly emerged Apis mellifera worker bees have demonstrated that their guts are
colonized by a consistent core microbiota within several days of eclosure. We conducted …

The ectoparasitic honey bee mite Varroa destructor was originally confined to the Eastern
honey bee Apis cerana. After a shift to the new host Apis mellifera during the first half of the …

Methods are described for working with Nosema apis and Nosema ceranae in the field and
in the laboratory. For fieldwork, different sampling methods are described to determine …

Social insect colonies have evolved many collectively performed adaptations that reduce the
impact of infectious disease and that are expected to maximize their fitness. This colony …

Specialized relationships with bacteria often allow animals to exploit a new diet by providing
a novel set of metabolic capabilities. Bees are a monophyletic group of Hymenoptera that …