This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

Histamine acts as a modulatory neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain. It has an important
role in the maintenance of wakefulness, and dysfunction in the histaminergic system has …

Narcolepsy-cataplexy, a neurological disorder associated with the absence of hypothalamic
orexin (hypocretin) neuropeptides, consists of two underlying problems: inability to maintain …

Our understanding of the neural control of sleep in large part parallels the history of
neuroscience. As new tools and methodologies have become available to the research …

Recent studies have implicated the orexin system as a critical regulator of sleep/wake states
as well as feeding behavior and reward processes. Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy …

The finding of orexin/hypocretin deficiency in narcolepsy patients suggests that this
hypothalamic neuropeptide plays a crucial role in regulating sleep/wakefulness states …

As many as 10% of humans suffer chronic sleep disturbances, yet the genetic mechanisms
that regulate sleep remain essentially unknown. It is therefore crucial to develop simple and …

Orexin deficiency results in narcolepsy in humans, dogs, and rodents, suggesting that the
orexin system is particularly important for maintenance of wakefulness. However, orexin …