Approximately 1.5 million people develop a pleural effusion in the United States each year.
1 There are many different causes of pleural effusions (Box 1). When a patient is seen who …

Refractory ascites is a frequent complication of advanced cirrhosis and is associated with
hepatorenal syndrome and hepatic hydrothorax. Large volume paracentesis and …

Patients with primary pneumothorax are best initially treated with aspiration and, if this is
successful, hospitalization is usually not necessary. Patients with secondary pneumothorax …

The association of chronic liver disease with respiratory symptoms and hypoxia is well
recognized. Over the last century, three pulmonary complications specific to chronic liver …

Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is the presence of pleural effusion in a patient with cirrhosis
without evidence of other cardiopulmonary disease. It occurs in 5%-15% of patients with …

Ascites is a pathologic accumulation of peritoneal fluidcommonly observed in
decompensated cirrhotic states. Its causes are multi-factorial, but principally involve …

Understanding the mutual relationship between the liver and the heart is important for both
hepatologists and cardiologists. Hepato-cardiac diseases can be classified into heart …

Patients with cirrhosis and portal hypertension often have abnormal extracellular fluid
volume regulation, resulting in accumulation of fluid as ascites, oedema or pleural effusion …

Virendra Singh1, 2· Arka De2· Rohit Mehtani3· Paolo Angeli4· Rakhi Maiwall5· Sanjaya
Satapathy6· Ashwini K. Singal7· Anoop Saraya8· BC Sharma9· CE Eapen10· PN Rao11 …

Hepatic hydrothorax (HH) is a pleural effusion that develops in a patient with cirrhosis and
portal hypertension in the absence of cardiopulmonary disease. Although the development …