Osteonecrosis, which is typically induced by trauma, glucocorticoid abuse, or alcoholism, is
one of the most severe diseases in clinical orthopedics. Osteonecrosis often leads to joint …

In mammals, erythropoietin (EPO), produced in the kidney, is essential for bone marrow
erythropoiesis, and hypoxia induction of EPO production provides for the important …

The release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the generation of oxidative stress are
considered critical factors for the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus (DM), a disorder that is …

Neurodegenerative disorders are significantly increasing in incidence as the age of the
global population continues to climb with improved life expectancy. At present, more than 30 …

Bone regeneration following injury is initiated by inflammatory signals and occurs in
association with infiltration by sensory nerve fibers. Together, these events are believed to …

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), the key component of the protein complexes
mTORC1 and mTORC2, plays a critical role in cellular development, tissue regeneration …

The development and maintenance of skeletal muscle and bone mass is critical for
movement, health and issues associated with the quality of life. Skeletal muscle and bone …

The fast osteogenesis of the large alveolar fossa and the maintenance of the height of the
alveolar ridge after tooth extraction have always been a clinical challenge. Therefore, this …

Introduction: Apoptosis and autophagy impact cell death in multiple systems of the body.
Development of new therapeutic strategies that target these processes must address their …

Sufficient oxygen is required to maintain normal cellular and physiological function, such as
a creature's development, breeding, and homeostasis. Lately, some researchers have …