Increased osteoclast (OC) differentiation and activity is the critical event that results in bone
loss and joint destruction in common pathological bone conditions, such as osteoporosis …

Musculoskeletal trauma leading to broken and damaged bones and soft tissues can be a life-
threating event. Modern orthopaedic trauma surgery, combined with innovation in medical …

Cellular associations in the bone microenvironment are involved in modulating the balance
between bone remodeling and resorption, which is necessary for maintaining a normal bone …

The reconstitution of lost bone is a subject that is germane to many orthopedic conditions
including fractures and non-unions, infection, inflammatory arthritis, osteoporosis …

Osteoarthritis (OA) can be regarded as a chronic, painful and degenerative disease that
affects all tissues of a joint and one of the major endpoints being loss of articular cartilage. In …

Bone remodeling is the continual process to renew the adult skeleton through the sequential
action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. Nuclear factor RANK, an osteoclast receptor, and its …

Discovery and characterization of the cytokine receptor-cytokine-decoy receptor triad formed
by receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANKL)–receptor activator of NF-κB …

Osteoporosis is a common disease characterised by a systemic impairment of bone mass
and microarchitecture that results in fragility fractures. With an ageing population, the …

Tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) was cloned over 2 decades ago and its identification in part
led to the discovery of a super family of tumor necrosis factors (TNFs) and their receptors …

The gut microbiota modulates host metabolism and development of immune status. Here we
show that the gut microbiota is also a major regulator of bone mass in mice. Germ‐free (GF) …