A complex bidirectional communication system exists between the gastrointestinal tract and
the brain. Initially termed the “gut-brain axis” it is now renamed the “microbiota-gut-brain …

The human gastrointestinal tract is inhabited by trillions of commensal bacteria collectively
known as the gut microbiota. Our recognition of the significance of the complex interaction …

Glia (from Greek γλοία meaning 'glue') pertains to non‐neuronal cells in the central (CNS)
and peripheral nervous system (PNS) that nourish neurons and maintain homeostasis. In …

Many of the symptoms of Gulf War Illness (GWI) that include neurological abnormalities,
neuroinflammation, chronic fatigue and gastrointestinal disturbances have been traced to …

Several studies have been carried out in the last 30 years in the attempt to clarify the
possible role of glutamate as a neurotransmitter/neuromodulator in the gastrointestinal tract …

The existence of a bidirectional communication system termed the “gut-brain axis” linking
the gastrointestinal tract with the brain has been recognized since the nineteenth century. In …

The enteric nervous system, often referred to as the second brain, is the largest assembly of
neurons and glia outside the central nervous system. The enteric nervous system resides …

The role of enteric glial cells has somewhat changed from that of mere mechanical support
elements, gluing together the various components of the enteric nervous system, to that of …

Background Inflammatory bowel diseases are accompanied by severe motility disorders.
The aim of our study was to investigate whether the blockade of peripheral N‐methyl‐D …

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system that intrinsically
innervates the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Whereas enteric neurons have been deeply …