Plant pathogenic viruses, bacteria, fungi and oomycetes cause destructive diseases in
natural habitats and agricultural settings, thereby threatening plant biodiversity and global …

Plants employ numerous cell-surface and intracellular immune receptors to perceive a
variety of immunogenic signals associated with pathogen infection and subsequently …

As a universal process in multicellular organisms, including animals and plants, cells usually
emit danger signals when suffering from attacks of microbes and herbivores, or physical …

Danger signals trigger immune responses upon perception by a complex surveillance
system. Such signals can originate from the infectious nonself or the damaged self, the latter …

Salivary elicitors secreted by herbivorous insects can be perceived by host plants to trigger
plant immunity. However, how insects secrete other salivary components to subsequently …

Background Crops are constantly attacked by various pathogens. These pathogenic
microorganisms, such as fungi, oomycetes, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, threaten …

The apoplast comprises the intercellular space, the cell walls, and the xylem. Important
functions for the plant, such as nutrient and water transport, cellulose synthesis, and the …

The diversification of effector function, driven by a co-evolutionary arms race, enables
pathogens to establish compatible interactions with hosts. Structurally conserved plant …

Phytohormones regulate a large variety of physiological processes in plants. In addition,
salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), and ethylene (ET) are responsible for primary …

Papain-like cysteine proteases (PLCP) are prominent peptidases found in most living
organisms. In plants, PLCPs was divided into nine subgroups based on functional and …