Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) Cry toxins constitute the active ingredient in the most widely used
biological insecticides and insect-resistant transgenic crops. A clear understanding of their …

Extensive use of chemical insecticides adversely affects both environment and human
health. One of the most popular biological pest control alternatives is bioinsecticides based …

Bacillus thuringiensis is a widely used bacterial entomopathogen producing insecticidal
toxins, some of which are expressed in insect-resistant transgenic crops. Surprisingly, the …

The use of conventional chemical insecticides and bacterial toxins to control lepidopteran
pests of global agriculture has imposed significant selection pressure leading to the rapid …

First generation of insect-protected transgenic corn (Bt-corn) was based on the expression of
Cry1Ab or Cry1Fa proteins. Currently, the trend is the combination of two or more genes …

Transgenic maize producing the Cry1Ab toxin of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt maize) was
approved for cultivation in the European Union (EU) in 1998 to control the corn borers …

Stem borers (Lepidoptera) are common cereal pests. In many parts of the world, the species
Ostrinia nubilalis and Sesamia nonagrioides stand out as important insect pests of …

With few exceptions, insects are perceived in industrialized countries as undesirable pests.
In reality, relatively few insects interfere with us or our resources. Most have benign or …

Mycotoxin contamination levels in maize kernels are controlled by a complex set of factors
including insect pressure, fungal inoculum potential, and environmental conditions that are …

The majority of Bt maize production in the European Union (EU) is concentrated in northeast
Spain, which is Europe's only hotspot where resistance might evolve, and the main target …