Optogenetic actuators enable highly precise spatiotemporal interrogation of biological
processes at levels ranging from the subcellular to cells, circuits and behaving organisms …

Neuronal networks with strong recurrent connectivity provide the brain with a powerful
means to perform complex computational tasks. However, high-gain excitatory networks are …

Neural circuitry is typically modulated via invasive brain implants and tethered optical fibres
in restrained animals. Here we show that wide-field illumination in the second near-infrared …

Learning-related changes in brain activity are thought to underlie adaptive behaviours,. For
instance, the learning of a reward site by rodents requires the development of an over …

In the basal ganglia (BG), anatomically segregated and topographically organized
feedforward circuits are thought to modulate multiple behaviors in parallel. Although …

Many theories of brain function propose that activity in sparse subsets of neurons underlies
perception and action. To place a lower bound on the amount of neural activity that can be …

Neurons in frontal cortex exhibit diverse selectivity representing sensory, motor and
cognitive variables during decision-making. The neural circuit basis for this complex …

Diverse inhibitory neurons in the mammalian brain shape circuit connectivity and dynamics
through mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. Inhibitory plasticity can establish …

The brain plans and executes volitional movements. The underlying patterns of neural
population activity have been explored in the context of movements of the eyes, limbs …

Flexibly selecting appropriate actions in response to complex, ever-changing environments
requires both cortical and subcortical regions, which are typically described as participating …