Background Plasma insulin levels are predominantly the product of the morphological mass
of insulin producing beta cells in the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and the functional …

Free fatty acids (FFAs) are important substrates for mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and
ATP synthesis but also cause serious stress to various tissues, contributing to the …

The type 2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) is a Ca2+ release channel on the endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) of several types of cells, including cardiomyocytes and pancreatic β cells. In …

To maintain homeostasis, every cell must constantly monitor its energy level and
appropriately adjust energy, in the form of ATP, production rates based on metabolic …

Mitochondrial damage is implicated as a major contributing factor for a number of
noncommunicable chronic diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, obesity, and …

Calcium (Ca2+) release from intracellular stores controls numerous cellular processes,
including cardiac and skeletal muscle contraction, synaptic transmission and metabolism …

Abstract Changes in cytosolic free Ca 2+ concentration ([Ca 2+] c) play a crucial role in the
control of insulin secretion from the electrically excitable pancreatic β-cell. Secretion is …

Mitochondria can change their shape from discrete isolated organelles to a large continuous
reticulum. The cellular advantages underlying these fused networks are still incompletely …

Background Bipolar disorder phenomenologically is a biphasic disorder of energy
availability; increased in mania and decreased in depression. In consort, there is …

In β cells, stimulation by metabolic, hormonal, neuronal, and pharmacological factors is
coupled to secretion of insulin through different intracellular signaling pathways. Our …