Introduction: Adverse immune activation contributes to many central nervous system (CNS)
disorders. All main CNS cell types express toll-like receptor 4 (TLR 4). This receptor is …

Inflammation is associated with many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's
disease, Parkinson's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis. In this …

Neurodegeneration, the slow and progressive dysfunction and loss of neurons and axons in
the central nervous system, is the primary pathological feature of acute and chronic …

Abstract MyD88, IRAK4 and IRAK2 are critical signalling mediators of the TLR/IL1-R
superfamily. Here we report the crystal structure of the MyD88–IRAK4–IRAK2 death domain …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of innate immune system receptors that respond to
pathogen-derived and tissue damage-related ligands. TLR signaling in immune cells, glia …

The concept of the CNS as an immune-privileged organ has led to a common
misunderstanding that it is not an active immunological organ, guarded from its …

One of the most fundamental problems in immunology is the seemingly schizophrenic ability
of the immune system to launch robust immunity against pathogens, while acquiring and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuro-autoimmune and neurodegenerative disorder leading to
chronic inflammation, demyelination, axonal, and neuronal loss in the central nervous …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune demyelinating neurodegenerative disease of the
central nervous system (CNS) due to injury of the myelin sheath by immune cells. The …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease with heterogeneous
clinical presentations and course. MS is considered to be a T cell mediated disease but in …