RAS proteins are binary switches, cycling between ON and OFF states during signal
transduction. These switches are normally tightly controlled, but in RAS-related diseases …

The three RAS genes—HRAS, NRAS and KRAS—are collectively mutated in one-third of
human cancers, where they act as prototypic oncogenes. Interestingly, there are rather …

Ras proteins play a major role in human cancers but have not yielded to therapeutic attack.
Ras-driven cancers are among the most difficult to treat and often excluded from therapies …

KRAS proteins play a major role in human cancer, but have not yielded to therapeutic attack.
New technologies in drug discovery and insights into signaling pathways that KRAS controls …

The majority of acquired hearing loss, including presbycusis, is caused by irreversible
damage to the sensorineural tissues of the cochlea. This article reviews the intracellular …

Rat sarcoma (Ras) GTPases regulate cell proliferation and survival through effector
pathways including Raf-MAPK, and are the most frequently mutated genes in human cancer …

Calmodulin (CaM) is a ubiquitous Ca 2+ receptor protein mediating a large number of
signaling processes in all eukaryotic cells. CaM plays a central role in regulating a myriad of …

Ras signalling has classically been thought to occur exclusively at the inner surface of a
relatively uniform plasma membrane. Recent studies have shown that Ras proteins interact …

H-ras, N-ras, and K-ras are canonical ras gene family members frequently activated by point
mutation in human cancers and coding for 4 different, highly related protein isoforms (H-Ras …

Summary K-Ras and H-Ras share identical effectors and have similar properties; however,
the high degree of tumor-type specificity associated with K-Ras and H-Ras mutations …