Many animals use vision to detect, discriminate, or recognize important objects such as prey,
predators, homes, or mates. These objects may differ in color and brightness—having …

The jawless fish that were ancestral to all living vertebrates had four spectral cone types that
were probably served by chromatic-opponent retinal circuits. Subsequent evolution of …

Biological coloration presents a canvas for the study of ecological and evolutionary
processes. Enduring interest in colour‐based phenotypes has driven, and been driven by …

To understand the function of colour signals in nature, we require robust quantitative
analytical frameworks to enable us to estimate how animal and plant colour patterns appear …

Ultraviolet (UV) light occupies the spectral range of wavelengths slightly shorter than those
visible to humans. Because of its shorter wavelength, it is more energetic (and potentially …

The nighttime environment is being altered rapidly over large areas worldwide through
introduction of artificial lighting, from streetlights and other sources. This is predicted to …

Globally, laying hen production systems are a focus of concern for animal welfare. Recently,
the impacts of rearing environments have attracted attention, particularly with the trend …

Many animals have the potential to discriminate nonspectral colors. For humans, purple is
the clearest example of a nonspectral color. It is perceived when two color cone types in the …

Highlights•Bird colour vision depends on opsins, retinal mosaic, ocular media and oil
droplets.•Birds use spectral cues for phototaxis, magnetoreception and circadian …

Color in nature presents a striking dimension of variation, though understanding its function
and evolution largely depends on our ability to capture the perspective of relevant viewers …