In central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), the macula is detached because of fluid leakage
at the level of the retinal pigment epithelium. The fluid appears to originate from choroidal …

NASA's plans for space exploration include a return to the Moon to stay—boots back on the
lunar surface with an orbital outpost. This station will be a launch point for voyages to …

INTRODUCTION To date, 559 humans have been flown into space, but long-duration (> 300
days) missions are rare (n= 8 total). Long-duration missions that will take humans to Mars …

Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual
physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity …

As the eye's main load-bearing connective tissue, the sclera is centrally important to vision.
In addition to cooperatively maintaining refractive status with the cornea, the sclera must …

The neuro-ocular effects of long-duration spaceflight have been termed Spaceflight
Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome (SANS) and are a potential challenge for future, human …

Humans are spending an increasing amount of time in space, where exposure to conditions
of microgravity causes 1–2% bone loss per month in astronauts. Through data collected …

Space is an extreme environment for the human body, where during long-term missions
microgravity and high radiation levels represent major threats to crew health. Intriguingly …

Background There is limited information regarding the effects of spaceflight on the
anatomical configuration of the brain and on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) spaces. Methods We …

Long-duration spaceflight induces changes to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid
compartments and visual acuity problems known as spaceflight-associated neuro-ocular …