Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a major problem worldwide that costs 55 billion USD
annually for extended hospitalization, resource utilization, and additional treatment …

The cell surface is the essential interface between a bacterium and its surroundings.
Composed primarily of molecules that are not directly genetically encoded, this highly …

Global change has caused a worldwide increase in reports of Vibrio-associated diseases
with ecosystem-wide impacts on humans and marine animals. In Europe, higher prevalence …

Peptidoglycan (PG) is a cross-linked, meshlike scaffold endowed with the strength to
withstand the internal pressure of bacteria. Bacteria are known to heavily remodel their …

Enzymes catalysing the stereo‐chemical inter‐conversion of amino acids are known as
amino acid racemases. In bacteria, these enzymes are fundamental to synthesize the D‐A la …

High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis has been critical for determining
the structural and chemical complexity of the cell wall. However this method is very time …

Biofilms are complex aggregates of microbes that are tightly protected by an extracellular
matrix (ECM) and may attach to a surface or adhere together. A higher persistence of …

In this review, we examine how bacterial metabolism is shaped by chemical constraints
acting on the material and dynamic layout of enzymatic networks and beyond. These are …

Membrane vesicles (MVs) are envelope-derived extracellular sacs that perform a broad
diversity of physiological functions in bacteria. While considerably studied in pathogenic …

The bacterial peptidoglycan layer forms a complex mesh-like structure that surrounds the
cell, imparting rigidity to withstand cytoplasmic turgor and the ability to tolerate stress. As …